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41 results

bootstrap.inc

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  • Angie Byron's avatar
    #341140 follow-up by JohnAlbin and chx: drupal_get_filename() fails for...
    Angie Byron authored
    #341140 follow-up by JohnAlbin and chx:  drupal_get_filename() fails for PHPTemplate themes when database is down.
    3b427fae
    History
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    bootstrap.inc 65.33 KiB
    <?php
    // $Id$
    
    /**
     * @file
     * Functions that need to be loaded on every Drupal request.
     */
    
    /**
     * The current system version.
     */
    define('VERSION', '7.0-dev');
    
    /**
     * Core API compatibility.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_CORE_COMPATIBILITY', '7.x');
    
    /**
     * Minimum supported version of PHP.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_MINIMUM_PHP',    '5.2.0');
    
    /**
     * Minimum recommended value of PHP memory_limit.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_MINIMUM_PHP_MEMORY_LIMIT',    '16M');
    
    /**
     * Minimum supported version of MySQL, if it is used.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_MINIMUM_MYSQL',  '5.0');
    
    /**
     * Minimum supported version of PostgreSQL, if it is used.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_MINIMUM_PGSQL',  '8.3');
    
    /**
     * Indicates that the item should never be removed unless explicitly told to
     * using cache_clear_all() with a cache ID.
     */
    define('CACHE_PERMANENT', 0);
    
    /**
     * Indicates that the item should be removed at the next general cache wipe.
     */
    define('CACHE_TEMPORARY', -1);
    
    /**
     * Indicates that page caching is disabled.
     */
    define('CACHE_DISABLED', 0);
    
    /**
     * Indicates that page caching is enabled, using "normal" mode.
     */
    define('CACHE_NORMAL', 1);
    
    /**
     * Log message severity -- Emergency: system is unusable.
     *
     * @see watchdog()
     * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
     */
    define('WATCHDOG_EMERG', 0);
    
    /**
     * Log message severity -- Alert: action must be taken immediately.
     *
     * @see watchdog()
     * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
     */
    define('WATCHDOG_ALERT', 1);
    
    /**
     * Log message severity -- Critical: critical conditions.
     *
     * @see watchdog()
     * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
     */
    define('WATCHDOG_CRITICAL', 2);
    
    /**
     * Log message severity -- Error: error conditions.
     *
     * @see watchdog()
     * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
     */
    define('WATCHDOG_ERROR', 3);
    
    /**
     * Log message severity -- Warning: warning conditions.
     *
     * @see watchdog()
     * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
     */
    define('WATCHDOG_WARNING', 4);
    
    /**
     * Log message severity -- Notice: normal but significant condition.
     *
     * @see watchdog()
     * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
     */
    define('WATCHDOG_NOTICE', 5);
    
    /**
     * Log message severity -- Informational: informational messages.
     *
     * @see watchdog()
     * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
     */
    define('WATCHDOG_INFO', 6);
    
    /**
     * Log message severity -- Debug: debug-level messages.
     *
     * @see watchdog()
     * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
     */
    define('WATCHDOG_DEBUG', 7);
    
    /**
     * First bootstrap phase: initialize configuration.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIGURATION', 0);
    
    /**
     * Second bootstrap phase: try to serve a cached page.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_PAGE_CACHE', 1);
    
    /**
     * Third bootstrap phase: initialize database layer.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_DATABASE', 2);
    
    /**
     * Fourth bootstrap phase: initialize the variable system.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_VARIABLES', 3);
    
    /**
     * Fifth bootstrap phase: initialize session handling.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_SESSION', 4);
    
    /**
     * Sixth bootstrap phase: set up the page header.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_PAGE_HEADER', 5);
    
    /**
     * Seventh bootstrap phase: find out language of the page.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_LANGUAGE', 6);
    
    /**
     * Final bootstrap phase: Drupal is fully loaded; validate and fix
     * input data.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_FULL', 7);
    
    /**
     * Role ID for anonymous users; should match what's in the "role" table.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_ANONYMOUS_RID', 1);
    
    /**
     * Role ID for authenticated users; should match what's in the "role" table.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_AUTHENTICATED_RID', 2);
    
    /**
     * The number of bytes in a kilobyte. For more information, visit
     * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte.
     */
    define('DRUPAL_KILOBYTE', 1024);
    
    /**
     * The type of language used to define the content language.
     */
    define('LANGUAGE_TYPE_CONTENT', 'language');
    
    /**
     * The type of language used to select the user interface.
     */
    define('LANGUAGE_TYPE_INTERFACE', 'language_interface');
    
    /**
     * The type of language used for URLs.
     */
    define('LANGUAGE_TYPE_URL', 'language_url');
    
    /**
     * Language written left to right. Possible value of $language->direction.
     */
    define('LANGUAGE_LTR', 0);
    
    /**
     * Language written right to left. Possible value of $language->direction.
     */
    define('LANGUAGE_RTL', 1);
    
    /**
     * For convenience, define a short form of the request time global.
     */
    define('REQUEST_TIME', $_SERVER['REQUEST_TIME']);
    
    /**
     * @name Title text filtering flags
     * @{
     * Flags for use in drupal_set_title().
     */
    
    /**
     * Flag for drupal_set_title(); text is not sanitized, so run check_plain().
     */
    define('CHECK_PLAIN', 0);
    
    /**
     * Flag for drupal_set_title(); text has already been sanitized.
     */
    define('PASS_THROUGH', -1);
    
    /**
     * Signals that the registry lookup cache should be reset.
     */
    define('REGISTRY_RESET_LOOKUP_CACHE', 1);
    
    /**
     * Signals that the registry lookup cache should be written to storage.
     */
    define('REGISTRY_WRITE_LOOKUP_CACHE', 2);
    
    /**
     * @} End of "Title text filtering flags".
     */
    
    
    /**
     * Start the timer with the specified name. If you start and stop the same
     * timer multiple times, the measured intervals will be accumulated.
     *
     * @param name
     *   The name of the timer.
     */
    function timer_start($name) {
      global $timers;
    
      $timers[$name]['start'] = microtime(TRUE);
      $timers[$name]['count'] = isset($timers[$name]['count']) ? ++$timers[$name]['count'] : 1;
    }
    
    /**
     * Read the current timer value without stopping the timer.
     *
     * @param name
     *   The name of the timer.
     * @return
     *   The current timer value in ms.
     */
    function timer_read($name) {
      global $timers;
    
      if (isset($timers[$name]['start'])) {
        $stop = microtime(TRUE);
        $diff = round(($stop - $timers[$name]['start']) * 1000, 2);
    
        if (isset($timers[$name]['time'])) {
          $diff += $timers[$name]['time'];
        }
        return $diff;
      }
      return $timers[$name]['time'];
    }
    
    /**
     * Stop the timer with the specified name.
     *
     * @param name
     *   The name of the timer.
     * @return
     *   A timer array. The array contains the number of times the timer has been
     *   started and stopped (count) and the accumulated timer value in ms (time).
     */
    function timer_stop($name) {
      global $timers;
    
      if (isset($timers[$name]['time'])) {
        $timers[$name]['time'] += timer_read($name);
      }
      else {
        $timers[$name]['time'] = timer_read($name);
      }
      unset($timers[$name]['start']);
    
      return $timers[$name];
    }
    
    /**
     * Find the appropriate configuration directory.
     *
     * Try finding a matching configuration directory by stripping the website's
     * hostname from left to right and pathname from right to left. The first
     * configuration file found will be used; the remaining will ignored. If no
     * configuration file is found, return a default value '$confdir/default'.
     *
     * Example for a fictitious site installed at
     * http://www.drupal.org:8080/mysite/test/ the 'settings.php' is searched in
     * the following directories:
     *
     *  1. $confdir/8080.www.drupal.org.mysite.test
     *  2. $confdir/www.drupal.org.mysite.test
     *  3. $confdir/drupal.org.mysite.test
     *  4. $confdir/org.mysite.test
     *
     *  5. $confdir/8080.www.drupal.org.mysite
     *  6. $confdir/www.drupal.org.mysite
     *  7. $confdir/drupal.org.mysite
     *  8. $confdir/org.mysite
     *
     *  9. $confdir/8080.www.drupal.org
     * 10. $confdir/www.drupal.org
     * 11. $confdir/drupal.org
     * 12. $confdir/org
     *
     * 13. $confdir/default
     *
     * If a file named sites.php is present in the $confdir, it will be loaded
     * prior to scanning for directories. It should define an associative array
     * named $sites, which maps domains to directories. It should be in the form
     * of:
     *
     * $sites = array(
     *   'The url to alias' => 'A directory within the sites directory'
     * );
     *
     * For example:
     *
     * $sites = array(
     *   'devexample.com' => 'example.com',
     *   'localhost/example' => 'example.com',
     * );
     *
     * The above array will cause Drupal to look for a directory named
     * "example.com" in the sites directory whenever a request comes from
     * "example.com", "devexample.com", or "localhost/example". That is useful
     * on development servers, where the domain name may not be the same as the
     * domain of the live server. Since Drupal stores file paths into the database
     * (files, system table, etc.) this will ensure the paths are correct while
     * accessed on development servers.
     *
     * @param $require_settings
     *   Only configuration directories with an existing settings.php file
     *   will be recognized. Defaults to TRUE. During initial installation,
     *   this is set to FALSE so that Drupal can detect a matching directory,
     *   then create a new settings.php file in it.
     * @param reset
     *   Force a full search for matching directories even if one had been
     *   found previously.
     * @return
     *   The path of the matching directory.
     */
    function conf_path($require_settings = TRUE, $reset = FALSE) {
      $conf = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, '');
    
      if ($conf && !$reset) {
        return $conf;
      }
    
      $confdir = 'sites';
    
      $sites = array();
      if (file_exists(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . $confdir . '/sites.php')) {
        // This will overwrite $sites with the desired mappings.
        include(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . $confdir . '/sites.php');
      }
    
      $uri = explode('/', $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] ? $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] : $_SERVER['SCRIPT_FILENAME']);
      $server = explode('.', implode('.', array_reverse(explode(':', rtrim($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'], '.')))));
      for ($i = count($uri) - 1; $i > 0; $i--) {
        for ($j = count($server); $j > 0; $j--) {
          $dir = implode('.', array_slice($server, -$j)) . implode('.', array_slice($uri, 0, $i));
          if (isset($sites[$dir]) && file_exists(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . $confdir . '/' . $sites[$dir])) {
            $dir = $sites[$dir];
          }
          if (file_exists(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . $confdir . '/' . $dir . '/settings.php') || (!$require_settings && file_exists(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . $confdir . '/' . $dir))) {
            $conf = "$confdir/$dir";
            return $conf;
          }
        }
      }
      $conf = "$confdir/default";
      return $conf;
    }
    
    /**
     * Set appropriate server variables needed for command line scripts to work.
     *
     * This function can be called by command line scripts before bootstrapping
     * Drupal, to ensure that the page loads with the desired server parameters.
     * This is because many parts of Drupal assume that they are running in a web
     * browser and therefore use information from the global PHP $_SERVER variable
     * that does not get set when Drupal is run from the command line.
     *
     * In many cases, the default way in which this function populates the $_SERVER
     * variable is sufficient, and it can therefore be called without passing in
     * any input. However, command line scripts running on a multisite installation
     * (or on any installation that has settings.php stored somewhere other than
     * the sites/default folder) need to pass in the URL of the site to allow
     * Drupal to detect the correct location of the settings.php file. Passing in
     * the 'url' parameter is also required for functions like request_uri() to
     * return the expected values.
     *
     * Most other parameters do not need to be passed in, but may be necessary in
     * some cases; for example, if Drupal's ip_address() function needs to return
     * anything but the standard localhost value ('127.0.0.1'), the command line
     * script should pass in the desired value via the 'REMOTE_ADDR' key.
     *
     * @param $variables
     *   (optional) An associative array of variables within $_SERVER that should
     *   be replaced. If the special element 'url' is provided in this array, it
     *   will be used to populate some of the server defaults; it should be set to
     *   the URL of the current page request, excluding any $_GET request but
     *   including the script name (e.g., http://www.example.com/mysite/index.php).
     *
     * @see conf_path()
     * @see request_uri()
     * @see ip_address()
     */
    function drupal_override_server_variables($variables = array()) {
      // Set defaults based on the provided URL.
      if (isset($variables['url'])) {
        $url = parse_url($variables['url']);
        unset($variables['url']);
      }
      else {
        $url = array();
      }
      $url += array(
        'path' => '',
        'host' => 'localhost',
      );
      $defaults = array(
        'HTTP_HOST' => $url['host'],
        'SCRIPT_NAME' => $url['path'],
        'REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1',
        'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'GET',
        'SERVER_NAME' => NULL,
        'SERVER_SOFTWARE' => NULL,
        'HTTP_USER_AGENT' => NULL,
      );
      // Replace elements of the $_SERVER array, as appropriate.
      $_SERVER = $variables + $_SERVER + $defaults;
    }
    
    /**
     * Initialize PHP environment.
     */
    function drupal_environment_initialize() {
      if (!isset($_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'])) {
        $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] = '';
      }
      if (!isset($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL']) || ($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] != 'HTTP/1.0' && $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] != 'HTTP/1.1')) {
        $_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] = 'HTTP/1.0';
      }
    
      if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'])) {
        // As HTTP_HOST is user input, ensure it only contains characters allowed
        // in hostnames. See RFC 952 (and RFC 2181).
        // $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] is lowercased here per specifications.
        $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] = strtolower($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']);
        if (!drupal_valid_http_host($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'])) {
          // HTTP_HOST is invalid, e.g. if containing slashes it may be an attack.
          header($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] . ' 400 Bad Request');
          exit;
        }
      }
      else {
        // Some pre-HTTP/1.1 clients will not send a Host header. Ensure the key is
        // defined for E_ALL compliance.
        $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'] = '';
      }
    
      // Enforce E_ALL, but allow users to set levels not part of E_ALL.
      error_reporting(E_ALL | error_reporting());
    
      // Override PHP settings required for Drupal to work properly.
      // sites/default/default.settings.php contains more runtime settings.
      // The .htaccess file contains settings that cannot be changed at runtime.
    
      // Prevent PHP from generating HTML error messages.
      ini_set('html_errors', 0);
      // Don't escape quotes when reading files from the database, disk, etc.
      ini_set('magic_quotes_runtime', '0');
      // Use session cookies, not transparent sessions that puts the session id in
      // the query string.
      ini_set('session.use_cookies', '1');
      ini_set('session.use_only_cookies', '1');
      ini_set('session.use_trans_sid', '0');
      // Don't send HTTP headers using PHP's session handler.
      ini_set('session.cache_limiter', 'none');
      // Use httponly session cookies.
      ini_set('session.cookie_httponly', '1');
    }
    
    /**
     * Validate that a hostname (for example $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']) is safe.
     *
     * @return
     *  TRUE if only containing valid characters, or FALSE otherwise.
     */
    function drupal_valid_http_host($host) {
      return preg_match('/^\[?(?:[a-zA-Z0-9-:\]_]+\.?)+$/', $host);
    }
    
    /**
     * Loads the configuration and sets the base URL, cookie domain, and
     * session name correctly.
     */
    function drupal_settings_initialize() {
      global $base_url, $base_path, $base_root;
    
      // Export the following settings.php variables to the global namespace
      global $databases, $db_prefix, $cookie_domain, $conf, $installed_profile, $update_free_access, $db_url, $is_https, $base_secure_url, $base_insecure_url;
      $conf = array();
    
      if (file_exists(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . conf_path() . '/settings.php')) {
        include_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . conf_path() . '/settings.php';
      }
    
      if (isset($base_url)) {
        // Parse fixed base URL from settings.php.
        $parts = parse_url($base_url);
        $http_protocol = $parts['scheme'];
        if (!isset($parts['path'])) {
          $parts['path'] = '';
        }
        $base_path = $parts['path'] . '/';
        // Build $base_root (everything until first slash after "scheme://").
        $base_root = substr($base_url, 0, strlen($base_url) - strlen($parts['path']));
      }
      else {
        // Create base URL
        $http_protocol = (isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) && $_SERVER['HTTPS'] == 'on') ? 'https' : 'http';
        $base_root = $http_protocol . '://' . $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
    
        $base_url = $base_root;
    
        // $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] can, in contrast to $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'], not
        // be modified by a visitor.
        if ($dir = trim(dirname($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME']), '\,/')) {
          $base_path = "/$dir";
          $base_url .= $base_path;
          $base_path .= '/';
        }
        else {
          $base_path = '/';
        }
      }
      $is_https = $http_protocol == 'https';
      $base_secure_url = str_replace('http://', 'https://', $base_url);
      $base_insecure_url = str_replace('https://', 'http://', $base_url);
    
      if ($cookie_domain) {
        // If the user specifies the cookie domain, also use it for session name.
        $session_name = $cookie_domain;
      }
      else {
        // Otherwise use $base_url as session name, without the protocol
        // to use the same session identifiers across http and https.
        list( , $session_name) = explode('://', $base_url, 2);
        // We escape the hostname because it can be modified by a visitor.
        if (!empty($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'])) {
          $cookie_domain = check_plain($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']);
        }
      }
      // Strip leading periods, www., and port numbers from cookie domain.
      $cookie_domain = ltrim($cookie_domain, '.');
      if (strpos($cookie_domain, 'www.') === 0) {
        $cookie_domain = substr($cookie_domain, 4);
      }
      $cookie_domain = explode(':', $cookie_domain);
      $cookie_domain = '.' . $cookie_domain[0];
      // Per RFC 2109, cookie domains must contain at least one dot other than the
      // first. For hosts such as 'localhost' or IP Addresses we don't set a cookie domain.
      if (count(explode('.', $cookie_domain)) > 2 && !is_numeric(str_replace('.', '', $cookie_domain))) {
        ini_set('session.cookie_domain', $cookie_domain);
      }
      // To prevent session cookies from being hijacked, a user can configure the
      // SSL version of their website to only transfer session cookies via SSL by
      // using PHP's session.cookie_secure setting. The browser will then use two
      // separate session cookies for the HTTPS and HTTP versions of the site. So we
      // must use different session identifiers for HTTPS and HTTP to prevent a
      // cookie collision.
      if ($is_https) {
        ini_set('session.cookie_secure', TRUE);
      }
      $prefix = ini_get('session.cookie_secure') ? 'SSESS' : 'SESS';
      session_name($prefix . md5($session_name));
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns and optionally sets the filename for a system item (module,
     * theme, etc.). The filename, whether provided, cached, or retrieved
     * from the database, is only returned if the file exists.
     *
     * This function plays a key role in allowing Drupal's resources (modules
     * and themes) to be located in different places depending on a site's
     * configuration. For example, a module 'foo' may legally be be located
     * in any of these three places:
     *
     * modules/foo/foo.module
     * sites/all/modules/foo/foo.module
     * sites/example.com/modules/foo/foo.module
     *
     * Calling drupal_get_filename('module', 'foo') will give you one of
     * the above, depending on where the module is located.
     *
     * @param $type
     *   The type of the item (i.e. theme, theme_engine, module).
     * @param $name
     *   The name of the item for which the filename is requested.
     * @param $filename
     *   The filename of the item if it is to be set explicitly rather
     *   than by consulting the database.
     *
     * @return
     *   The filename of the requested item.
     */
    function drupal_get_filename($type, $name, $filename = NULL) {
      // The location of files will not change during the request, so do not use
      // drupal_static().
      static $files = array();
    
      if (!isset($files[$type])) {
        $files[$type] = array();
      }
    
      if (!empty($filename) && file_exists($filename)) {
        $files[$type][$name] = $filename;
      }
      elseif (isset($files[$type][$name])) {
        // nothing
      }
      // Verify that we have an active database connection, before querying
      // the database. This is required because this function is called both
      // before we have a database connection (i.e. during installation) and
      // when a database connection fails.
      else {
        try {
          $file = db_query("SELECT filename FROM {system} WHERE name = :name AND type = :type", array(':name' => $name, ':type' => $type))->fetchField();
          if (file_exists($file)) {
            $files[$type][$name] = $file;
          }
        }
        catch (PDOException $e) {
          // The database table may not exist because Drupal is not yet installed,
          // or the database might be down. We have a fallback for this case so we
          // hide the error completely.
        }
        // Fallback to searching the filesystem if the database could not find the
        // file or the file returned by the database is not found.
        if (!isset($files[$type][$name])) {
          // We have a consistent directory naming: modules, themes...
          $dir = $type . 's';
          if ($type == 'theme_engine') {
            $dir = 'themes/engines';
            $mask = "/$name\.engine$/";
          }
          elseif ($type == 'theme') {
            $mask = "/$name\.info$/";
          }
          else {
            $mask = "/$name\.$type$/";
          }
    
          if (!function_exists('drupal_system_listing')) {
            require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/common.inc';
          }
          $matches = drupal_system_listing($mask, $dir, 'name', 0);
          if (!empty($matches[$name]->uri)) {
            $files[$type][$name] = $matches[$name]->uri;
          }
        }
      }
    
      if (isset($files[$type][$name])) {
        return $files[$type][$name];
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * Load the persistent variable table.
     *
     * The variable table is composed of values that have been saved in the table
     * with variable_set() as well as those explicitly specified in the configuration
     * file.
     */
    function variable_initialize($conf = array()) {
      // NOTE: caching the variables improves performance by 20% when serving cached pages.
      if ($cached = cache_get('variables', 'cache')) {
        $variables = $cached->data;
      }
      else {
        $variables = array_map('unserialize', db_query('SELECT name, value FROM {variable}')->fetchAllKeyed());
        cache_set('variables', $variables);
      }
    
      foreach ($conf as $name => $value) {
        $variables[$name] = $value;
      }
    
      return $variables;
    }
    
    /**
     * Return a persistent variable.
     *
     * @param $name
     *   The name of the variable to return.
     * @param $default
     *   The default value to use if this variable has never been set.
     * @return
     *   The value of the variable.
     *
     * @see variable_del(), variable_set()
     */
    function variable_get($name, $default = NULL) {
      global $conf;
    
      return isset($conf[$name]) ? $conf[$name] : $default;
    }
    
    /**
     * Set a persistent variable.
     *
     * @param $name
     *   The name of the variable to set.
     * @param $value
     *   The value to set. This can be any PHP data type; these functions take care
     *   of serialization as necessary.
     *
     * @see variable_del(), variable_get()
     */
    function variable_set($name, $value) {
      global $conf;
    
      db_merge('variable')->key(array('name' => $name))->fields(array('value' => serialize($value)))->execute();
    
      cache_clear_all('variables', 'cache');
    
      $conf[$name] = $value;
    }
    
    /**
     * Unset a persistent variable.
     *
     * @param $name
     *   The name of the variable to undefine.
     *
     * @see variable_get(), variable_set()
     */
    function variable_del($name) {
      global $conf;
    
      db_delete('variable')
        ->condition('name', $name)
        ->execute();
      cache_clear_all('variables', 'cache');
    
      unset($conf[$name]);
    }
    
    /**
     * Retrieve the current page from the cache.
     *
     * Note: we do not serve cached pages to authenticated users, or to anonymous
     * users when $_SESSION is non-empty. $_SESSION may contain status messages
     * from a form submission, the contents of a shopping cart, or other user-
     * specific content that should not be cached and displayed to other users.
     *
     * @return
     *   The cache object, if the page was found in the cache, NULL otherwise.
     */
    function drupal_page_get_cache() {
      global $base_root;
    
      if (drupal_page_is_cacheable()) {
        return cache_get($base_root . request_uri(), 'cache_page');
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * Determine the cacheability of the current page.
     *
     * @param $allow_caching
     *  Set to FALSE if you want to prevent this page to get cached.
     * @return
     *  TRUE if the current page can be cached, FALSE otherwise.
     */
    function drupal_page_is_cacheable($allow_caching = NULL) {
      $allow_caching_static = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, TRUE);
      if (isset($allow_caching)) {
        $allow_caching_static = $allow_caching;
      }
    
      return $allow_caching_static && ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'GET' || $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD')
        && !drupal_is_cli();
    }
    
    /**
     * Call all init or exit hooks without including all modules.
     *
     * @param $hook
     *   The name of the bootstrap hook we wish to invoke.
     */
    function bootstrap_invoke_all($hook) {
      foreach (module_list(TRUE, TRUE) as $module) {
        drupal_load('module', $module);
        module_invoke($module, $hook);
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * Includes a file with the provided type and name. This prevents
     * including a theme, engine, module, etc., more than once.
     *
     * @param $type
     *   The type of item to load (i.e. theme, theme_engine, module).
     * @param $name
     *   The name of the item to load.
     *
     * @return
     *   TRUE if the item is loaded or has already been loaded.
     */
    function drupal_load($type, $name) {
      // Once a file is included this can't be reversed during a request so do not
      // use drupal_static() here.
      static $files = array();
    
      if (isset($files[$type][$name])) {
        return TRUE;
      }
    
      $filename = drupal_get_filename($type, $name);
    
      if ($filename) {
        include_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . $filename;
        $files[$type][$name] = TRUE;
    
        return TRUE;
      }
    
      return FALSE;
    }
    
    /**
     * Set an HTTP response header for the current page.
     *
     * Note: When sending a Content-Type header, always include a 'charset' type,
     * too. This is necessary to avoid security bugs (e.g. UTF-7 XSS).
     *
     * @param $name
     *   The HTTP header name, or a status code followed by a reason phrase, e.g.
     *   "404 Not Found".
     * @param $value
     *   The HTTP header value; if omitted, the specified header is unset.
     * @param $append
     *   Whether to append the value to an existing header or to replace it.
     */
    function drupal_add_http_header($name = NULL, $value = NULL, $append = FALSE) {
      // The headers as name/value pairs.
      $headers = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, array());
    
      if (!isset($name)) {
        return $headers;
      }
    
      // Save status codes using the special key ":status".
      if (preg_match('/^\d{3} /', $name)) {
        $value = $name;
        $name = $name_lower = ':status';
      }
      else {
        $name_lower = strtolower($name);
      }
      _drupal_set_preferred_header_name($name);
    
      if (!isset($value)) {
        $headers[$name_lower] = FALSE;
      }
      elseif (isset($headers[$name_lower]) && $append) {
        // Multiple headers with identical names may be combined using comma (RFC
        // 2616, section 4.2).
        $headers[$name_lower] .= ',' . $value;
      }
      else {
        $headers[$name_lower] = $value;
      }
      drupal_send_headers(array($name => $headers[$name_lower]), TRUE);
    }
    
    /**
     * Get the HTTP response headers for the current page.
     *
     * @param $name
     *   An HTTP header name. If omitted, all headers are returned as name/value
     *   pairs. If an array value is FALSE, the header has been unset.
     * @return
     *   A string containing the header value, or FALSE if the header has been set,
     *   or NULL if the header has not been set.
     */
    function drupal_get_http_header($name = NULL) {
      $headers = drupal_add_http_header();
      if (isset($name)) {
        $name = strtolower($name);
        return isset($headers[$name]) ? $headers[$name] : NULL;
      }
      else {
        return $headers;
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * Header names are case-insensitive, but for maximum compatibility they should
     * follow "common form" (see RFC 2617, section 4.2).
     */
    function _drupal_set_preferred_header_name($name = NULL) {
      static $header_names = array();
    
      if (!isset($name)) {
        return $header_names;
      }
      $header_names[strtolower($name)] = $name;
    }
    
    /**
     * Send the HTTP response headers previously set using drupal_add_http_header().
     * Add default headers, unless they have been replaced or unset using
     * drupal_add_http_header().
     *
     * @param $default_headers
     *   An array of headers as name/value pairs.
     * @param $single
     *   If TRUE and headers have already be sent, send only the specified header.
     */
    function drupal_send_headers($default_headers = array(), $only_default = FALSE) {
      $headers_sent = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, FALSE);
      $headers = drupal_get_http_header();
      if ($only_default && $headers_sent) {
        $headers = array();
      }
      $headers_sent = TRUE;
    
      $header_names = _drupal_set_preferred_header_name();
      foreach ($default_headers as $name => $value) {
        $name_lower = strtolower($name);
        if (!isset($headers[$name_lower])) {
          $headers[$name_lower] = $value;
          $header_names[$name_lower] = $name;
        }
      }
      foreach ($headers as $name_lower => $value) {
        if ($name_lower == ':status') {
          header($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] . ' ' . $value);
        }
        // Skip headers that have been unset.
        elseif ($value) {
          header($header_names[$name_lower] . ': ' . $value);
        }
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * Set HTTP headers in preparation for a page response.
     *
     * Authenticated users are always given a 'no-cache' header, and will fetch a
     * fresh page on every request. This prevents authenticated users from seeing
     * locally cached pages.
     *
     * Also give each page a unique ETag. This will force clients to include both
     * an If-Modified-Since header and an If-None-Match header when doing
     * conditional requests for the page (required by RFC 2616, section 13.3.4),
     * making the validation more robust. This is a workaround for a bug in Mozilla
     * Firefox that is triggered when Drupal's caching is enabled and the user
     * accesses Drupal via an HTTP proxy (see
     * https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=269303): When an authenticated
     * user requests a page, and then logs out and requests the same page again,
     * Firefox may send a conditional request based on the page that was cached
     * locally when the user was logged in. If this page did not have an ETag
     * header, the request only contains an If-Modified-Since header. The date will
     * be recent, because with authenticated users the Last-Modified header always
     * refers to the time of the request. If the user accesses Drupal via a proxy
     * server, and the proxy already has a cached copy of the anonymous page with an
     * older Last-Modified date, the proxy may respond with 304 Not Modified, making
     * the client think that the anonymous and authenticated pageviews are
     * identical.
     *
     * @see drupal_page_set_cache()
     */
    function drupal_page_header() {
      $headers_sent = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, FALSE);
      if ($headers_sent) {
        return TRUE;
      }
      $headers_sent = TRUE;
    
      $default_headers = array(
        'Expires' => 'Sun, 19 Nov 1978 05:00:00 GMT',
        'Last-Modified' => gmdate(DATE_RFC1123, REQUEST_TIME),
        'Cache-Control' => 'no-cache, must-revalidate, post-check=0, pre-check=0',
        'ETag' => '"' . REQUEST_TIME . '"',
      );
      drupal_send_headers($default_headers);
    }
    
    /**
     * Set HTTP headers in preparation for a cached page response.
     *
     * The headers allow as much as possible in proxies and browsers without any
     * particular knowledge about the pages. Modules can override these headers
     * using drupal_add_http_header().
     *
     * If the request is conditional (using If-Modified-Since and If-None-Match),
     * and the conditions match those currently in the cache, a 304 Not Modified
     * response is sent.
     */
    function drupal_serve_page_from_cache(stdClass $cache) {
      // Negotiate whether to use compression.
      $page_compression = variable_get('page_compression', TRUE) && extension_loaded('zlib');
      $return_compressed = $page_compression && isset($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING']) && strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING'], 'gzip') !== FALSE;
    
      // Get headers set in hook_boot(). Keys are lower-case.
      $hook_boot_headers = drupal_get_http_header();
    
      // Headers generated in this function, that may be replaced or unset using
      // drupal_add_http_headers(). Keys are mixed-case.
      $default_headers = array();
    
      foreach ($cache->headers as $name => $value) {
        // In the case of a 304 response, certain headers must be sent, and the
        // remaining may not (see RFC 2616, section 10.3.5). Do not override
        // headers set in hook_boot().
        $name_lower = strtolower($name);
        if (in_array($name_lower, array('content-location', 'expires', 'cache-control', 'vary')) && !isset($hook_boot_headers[$name_lower])) {
          drupal_add_http_header($name, $value);
          unset($cache->headers[$name]);
        }
      }
    
      // If a cache is served from a HTTP proxy without hitting the web server,
      // the boot and exit hooks cannot be fired, so only allow caching in
      // proxies if boot hooks are disabled. If the client send a session cookie,
      // do not bother caching the page in a public proxy, because the cached copy
      // will only be served to that particular user due to Vary: Cookie, unless
      // the Vary header has been replaced or unset in hook_boot() (see below).
      $max_age = !variable_get('page_cache_invoke_hooks', TRUE) && (!isset($_COOKIE[session_name()]) || isset($hook_boot_headers['vary'])) ? variable_get('cache_lifetime', 0) : 0;
      $default_headers['Cache-Control'] = 'public, max-age=' . $max_age;
    
      // Entity tag should change if the output changes.
      $etag = '"' . $cache->created . '-' . intval($return_compressed) . '"';
      header('Etag: ' . $etag);
    
      // See if the client has provided the required HTTP headers.
      $if_modified_since = isset($_SERVER['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']) ? strtotime($_SERVER['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']) : FALSE;
      $if_none_match = isset($_SERVER['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']) ? stripslashes($_SERVER['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']) : FALSE;
    
      if ($if_modified_since && $if_none_match
          && $if_none_match == $etag // etag must match
          && $if_modified_since == $cache->created) {  // if-modified-since must match
        header($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] . ' 304 Not Modified');
        drupal_send_headers($default_headers);
        return;
      }
    
      // Send the remaining headers.
      foreach ($cache->headers as $name => $value) {
        drupal_add_http_header($name, $value);
      }
    
      $default_headers['Last-Modified'] = gmdate(DATE_RFC1123, $cache->created);
    
      // HTTP/1.0 proxies does not support the Vary header, so prevent any caching
      // by sending an Expires date in the past. HTTP/1.1 clients ignores the
      // Expires header if a Cache-Control: max-age= directive is specified (see RFC
      // 2616, section 14.9.3).
      $default_headers['Expires'] = 'Sun, 19 Nov 1978 05:00:00 GMT';
    
      drupal_send_headers($default_headers);
    
      // Allow HTTP proxies to cache pages for anonymous users without a session
      // cookie. The Vary header is used to indicates the set of request-header
      // fields that fully determines whether a cache is permitted to use the
      // response to reply to a subsequent request for a given URL without
      // revalidation. If a Vary header has been set in hook_boot(), it is assumed
      // that the module knows how to cache the page.
      if (!isset($hook_boot_headers['vary']) && !variable_get('omit_vary_cookie')) {
        header('Vary: Cookie');
      }
    
      if ($page_compression) {
        header('Vary: Accept-Encoding', FALSE);
        // If page_compression is enabled, the cache contains gzipped data.
        if ($return_compressed) {
          // $cache->data is already gzip'ed, so make sure zlib.output_compression
          // does not compress it once more.
          ini_set('zlib.output_compression', '0');
          header('Content-Encoding: gzip');
        }
        else {
          // The client does not support compression, so unzip the data in the
          // cache. Strip the gzip header and run uncompress.
          $cache->data = gzinflate(substr(substr($cache->data, 10), 0, -8));
        }
      }
    
      print $cache->data;
    }
    
    /**
     * Define the critical hooks that force modules to always be loaded.
     */
    function bootstrap_hooks() {
      return array('boot', 'exit', 'watchdog');
    }
    
    /**
     * Unserializes and appends elements from a serialized string.
     *
     * @param $obj
     *   The object to which the elements are appended.
     * @param $field
     *   The attribute of $obj whose value should be unserialized.
     */
    function drupal_unpack($obj, $field = 'data') {
      if ($obj->$field && $data = unserialize($obj->$field)) {
        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
          if (!isset($obj->$key)) {
            $obj->$key = $value;
          }
        }
      }
      return $obj;
    }
    
    /**
     * Encode special characters in a plain-text string for display as HTML.
     *
     * Uses drupal_validate_utf8 to prevent cross site scripting attacks on
     * Internet Explorer 6.
     */
    function check_plain($text) {
      return drupal_validate_utf8($text) ? htmlspecialchars($text, ENT_QUOTES) : '';
    }
    
    /**
     * Checks whether a string is valid UTF-8.
     *
     * All functions designed to filter input should use drupal_validate_utf8
     * to ensure they operate on valid UTF-8 strings to prevent bypass of the
     * filter.
     *
     * When text containing an invalid UTF-8 lead byte (0xC0 - 0xFF) is presented
     * as UTF-8 to Internet Explorer 6, the program may misinterpret subsequent
     * bytes. When these subsequent bytes are HTML control characters such as
     * quotes or angle brackets, parts of the text that were deemed safe by filters
     * end up in locations that are potentially unsafe; An onerror attribute that
     * is outside of a tag, and thus deemed safe by a filter, can be interpreted
     * by the browser as if it were inside the tag.
     *
     * The function does not return FALSE for strings containing character codes
     * above U+10FFFF, even though these are prohibited by RFC 3629.
     *
     * @param $text
     *   The text to check.
     * @return
     *   TRUE if the text is valid UTF-8, FALSE if not.
     */
    function drupal_validate_utf8($text) {
      if (strlen($text) == 0) {
        return TRUE;
      }
      // With the PCRE_UTF8 modifier 'u', preg_match() fails silently on strings
      // containing invalid UTF-8 byte sequences. It does not reject character
      // codes above U+10FFFF (represented by 4 or more octets), though.
      return (preg_match('/^./us', $text) == 1);
    }
    
    /**
     * Since $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'] is only available on Apache, we
     * generate an equivalent using other environment variables.
     */
    function request_uri() {
    
      if (isset($_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'])) {
        $uri = $_SERVER['REQUEST_URI'];
      }
      else {
        if (isset($_SERVER['argv'])) {
          $uri = $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] . '?' . $_SERVER['argv'][0];
        }
        elseif (isset($_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'])) {
          $uri = $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'] . '?' . $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING'];
        }
        else {
          $uri = $_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'];
        }
      }
      // Prevent multiple slashes to avoid cross site requests via the Form API.
      $uri = '/' . ltrim($uri, '/');
    
      return $uri;
    }
    
    /**
     * Log a system message.
     *
     * @param $type
     *   The category to which this message belongs.
     * @param $message
     *   The message to store in the log. Keep $message translatable
     *   by not concatenating dynamic values into it! Variables in the
     *   message should be added by using placeholder strings alongside
     *   the variables argument to declare the value of the placeholders.
     *   See t() for documentation on how $message and $variables interact.
     * @param $variables
     *   Array of variables to replace in the message on display or
     *   NULL if message is already translated or not possible to
     *   translate.
     * @param $severity
     *   The severity of the message, as per RFC 3164.
     * @param $link
     *   A link to associate with the message.
     *
     * @see watchdog_severity_levels()
     * @see hook_watchdog()
     */
    function watchdog($type, $message, $variables = array(), $severity = WATCHDOG_NOTICE, $link = NULL) {
      global $user, $base_root;
    
      static $in_error_state = FALSE;
    
      // It is possible that the error handling will itself trigger an error. In that case, we could
      // end up in an infinite loop. To avoid that, we implement a simple static semaphore.
      if (!$in_error_state) {
        $in_error_state = TRUE;
    
        // Prepare the fields to be logged
        $log_entry = array(
          'type'        => $type,
          'message'     => $message,
          'variables'   => $variables,
          'severity'    => $severity,
          'link'        => $link,
          'user'        => $user,
          'request_uri' => $base_root . request_uri(),
          'referer'     => $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'],
          'ip'          => ip_address(),
          'timestamp'   => REQUEST_TIME,
        );
    
        // Call the logging hooks to log/process the message
        foreach (module_implements('watchdog', TRUE) as $module) {
          module_invoke($module, 'watchdog', $log_entry);
        }
    
        // It is critical that the semaphore is only cleared here, in the parent
        // watchdog() call (not outside the loop), to prevent recursive execution.
        $in_error_state = FALSE;
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * Set a message which reflects the status of the performed operation.
     *
     * If the function is called with no arguments, this function returns all set
     * messages without clearing them.
     *
     * @param $message
     *   The message should begin with a capital letter and always ends with a
     *   period '.'.
     * @param $type
     *   The type of the message. One of the following values are possible:
     *   - 'status'
     *   - 'warning'
     *   - 'error'
     * @param $repeat
     *   If this is FALSE and the message is already set, then the message won't
     *   be repeated.
     */
    function drupal_set_message($message = NULL, $type = 'status', $repeat = TRUE) {
      if ($message) {
        if (!isset($_SESSION['messages'][$type])) {
          $_SESSION['messages'][$type] = array();
        }
    
        if ($repeat || !in_array($message, $_SESSION['messages'][$type])) {
          $_SESSION['messages'][$type][] = $message;
        }
    
        // Mark this page has being not cacheable.
        drupal_page_is_cacheable(FALSE);
      }
    
      // Messages not set when DB connection fails.
      return isset($_SESSION['messages']) ? $_SESSION['messages'] : NULL;
    }
    
    /**
     * Return all messages that have been set.
     *
     * @param $type
     *   (optional) Only return messages of this type.
     * @param $clear_queue
     *   (optional) Set to FALSE if you do not want to clear the messages queue
     * @return
     *   An associative array, the key is the message type, the value an array
     *   of messages. If the $type parameter is passed, you get only that type,
     *   or an empty array if there are no such messages. If $type is not passed,
     *   all message types are returned, or an empty array if none exist.
     */
    function drupal_get_messages($type = NULL, $clear_queue = TRUE) {
      if ($messages = drupal_set_message()) {
        if ($type) {
          if ($clear_queue) {
            unset($_SESSION['messages'][$type]);
          }
          if (isset($messages[$type])) {
            return array($type => $messages[$type]);
          }
        }
        else {
          if ($clear_queue) {
            unset($_SESSION['messages']);
          }
          return $messages;
        }
      }
      return array();
    }
    
    /**
     * Check to see if an IP address has been blocked.
     *
     * Blocked IP addresses are stored in the database by default. However for
     * performance reasons we allow an override in settings.php. This allows us
     * to avoid querying the database at this critical stage of the bootstrap if
     * an administrative interface for IP address blocking is not required.
     *
     * @param $ip
     *   IP address to check.
     * @return bool
     *   TRUE if access is denied, FALSE if access is allowed.
     */
    function drupal_is_denied($ip) {
      // Because this function is called on every page request, we first check
      // for an array of IP addresses in settings.php before querying the
      // database.
      $blocked_ips = variable_get('blocked_ips');
      $denied = FALSE;
      if (isset($blocked_ips) && is_array($blocked_ips)) {
        $denied = in_array($ip, $blocked_ips);
      }
      // Only check if database.inc is loaded already. If
      // $conf['page_cache_without_database'] = TRUE; is set in settings.php,
      // then the database won't be loaded here so the IPs in the database
      // won't be denied. However the user asked explicitly not to use the
      // database and also in this case it's quite likely that the user relies
      // on higher performance solutions like a firewall.
      elseif (function_exists('db_is_active')) {
        $denied = (bool)db_query("SELECT 1 FROM {blocked_ips} WHERE ip = :ip", array(':ip' => $ip))->fetchField();
      }
      return $denied;
    }
    
    /**
     * Handle denied users.
     *
     * @param $ip
     *   IP address to check. Prints a message and exits if access is denied.
     */
    function drupal_block_denied($ip) {
      // Deny access to blocked IP addresses - t() is not yet available.
      if (drupal_is_denied($ip)) {
        header($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] . ' 403 Forbidden');
        print 'Sorry, ' . check_plain(ip_address()) . ' has been banned.';
        exit();
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * Generates a default anonymous $user object.
     *
     * @return Object - the user object.
     */
    function drupal_anonymous_user($session = '') {
      $user = new stdClass();
      $user->uid = 0;
      $user->hostname = ip_address();
      $user->roles = array();
      $user->roles[DRUPAL_ANONYMOUS_RID] = 'anonymous user';
      $user->session = $session;
      $user->cache = 0;
      return $user;
    }
    
    /**
     * A string describing a phase of Drupal to load. Each phase adds to the
     * previous one, so invoking a later phase automatically runs the earlier
     * phases too. The most important usage is that if you want to access the
     * Drupal database from a script without loading anything else, you can
     * include bootstrap.inc, and call drupal_bootstrap(DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_DATABASE).
     *
     * @param $phase
     *   A constant. Allowed values are the DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_* constants.
     * @param $new_phase
     *   A boolean, set to FALSE if calling drupal_bootstrap from inside a
     *   function called from drupal_bootstrap (recursion).
     * @return
     *   The most recently completed phase.
     *   
     */
    function drupal_bootstrap($phase = NULL, $new_phase = TRUE) {
      $final_phase = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__ . '_final_phase');
      // When not recursing, store the phase name so it's not forgotten while
      // recursing.
      if ($new_phase) {
        $final_phase = $phase;
      }
      $phases = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__ . '_phases', array(
        DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIGURATION,
        DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_PAGE_CACHE,
        DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_DATABASE,
        DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_VARIABLES,
        DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_SESSION,
        DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_PAGE_HEADER,
        DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_LANGUAGE,
        DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_FULL,
      ));
      $completed_phase = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__ . '_completed_phase', -1);
    
      if (isset($phase)) {
        // Call a phase if it has not been called before and is below the requested
        // phase.
        while ($phases && $phase > $completed_phase && $final_phase > $completed_phase) {
          $current_phase = array_shift($phases);
          _drupal_bootstrap($current_phase);
          // This function is reentrant. Only update the completed phase when the
          // current call actually resulted in a progress in the bootstrap process.
          if ($current_phase > $completed_phase) {
            $completed_phase = $current_phase;
          }
        }
      }
      return $completed_phase;
    }
    
    /**
     * Return the current bootstrap phase for this Drupal process. The
     * current phase is the one most recently completed by
     * drupal_bootstrap().
     *
     * @see drupal_bootstrap
     */
    function drupal_get_bootstrap_phase() {
      return drupal_bootstrap();
    }
    
    function _drupal_bootstrap($phase) {
      global $conf, $user;
      static $cache;
    
      switch ($phase) {
    
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_CONFIGURATION:
          drupal_environment_initialize();
          // Start a page timer:
          timer_start('page');
          // Initialize the configuration, including variables from settings.php.
          drupal_settings_initialize();
          break;
    
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_PAGE_CACHE:
          // Allow specifying special cache handlers in settings.php, like
          // using memcached or files for storing cache information.
          require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . variable_get('cache_inc', 'includes/cache.inc');
          // Check for a cache mode force from settings.php.
          if (variable_get('page_cache_without_database')) {
            $cache_mode = CACHE_NORMAL;
          }
          else {
            drupal_bootstrap(DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_VARIABLES, FALSE);
            $cache_mode = variable_get('cache');
          }
          drupal_block_denied(ip_address());
          // If there is no session cookie and cache is enabled (or forced), try
          // to serve a cached page.
          if (!isset($_COOKIE[session_name()]) && $cache_mode == CACHE_NORMAL) {
            // Make sure there is a user object because it's timestamp will be
            // checked, hook_boot might check for anonymous user etc.
            $user = drupal_anonymous_user();
            // Get the page from the cache.
            $cache = drupal_page_get_cache();
            // If there is a cached page, display it.
            if (is_object($cache)) {
              // If the skipping of the bootstrap hooks is not enforced, call
              // hook_boot.
              if (variable_get('page_cache_invoke_hooks', TRUE)) {
                bootstrap_invoke_all('boot');
              }
              header('X-Drupal-Cache: HIT');
              drupal_serve_page_from_cache($cache);
              // If the skipping of the bootstrap hooks is not enforced, call
              // hook_exit.
              if (variable_get('page_cache_invoke_hooks', TRUE)) {
                bootstrap_invoke_all('exit');
              }
              // We are done.
              exit;
            }
          }
          break;
    
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_DATABASE:
          // The user agent header is used to pass a database prefix in the request when
          // running tests. However, for security reasons, it is imperative that we
          // validate we ourselves made the request.
          if (isset($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT']) && (strpos($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'], "simpletest") !== FALSE) && !drupal_valid_test_ua($_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])) {
            header($_SERVER['SERVER_PROTOCOL'] . ' 403 Forbidden');
            exit;
          }
          // Initialize the database system. Note that the connection
          // won't be initialized until it is actually requested.
          require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/database/database.inc';
          // Register autoload functions so that we can access classes and interfaces.
          spl_autoload_register('drupal_autoload_class');
          spl_autoload_register('drupal_autoload_interface');
          break;
    
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_VARIABLES:
          // Load variables from the database, but do not overwrite variables set in settings.php.
          $conf = variable_initialize(isset($conf) ? $conf : array());
          // Load bootstrap modules.
          require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/module.inc';
          module_load_all(TRUE);
          break;
    
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_SESSION:
          require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . variable_get('session_inc', 'includes/session.inc');
          drupal_session_initialize();
          break;
    
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_PAGE_HEADER:
          bootstrap_invoke_all('boot');
          if (!$cache && drupal_page_is_cacheable()) {
            header('X-Drupal-Cache: MISS');
          }
    
          // Prepare for non-cached page workflow.
          require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . variable_get('lock_inc', 'includes/lock.inc');
          lock_initialize();
    
          if (!drupal_is_cli()) {
            ob_start();
            drupal_page_header();
          }
          break;
    
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_LANGUAGE:
          drupal_language_initialize();
          break;
    
        case DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_FULL:
          require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/common.inc';
          _drupal_bootstrap_full();
          break;
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * Validate the HMAC and timestamp of a user agent header from simpletest.
     */
    function drupal_valid_test_ua($user_agent) {
      global $databases;
    
      list($prefix, $time, $salt, $hmac) = explode(';', $user_agent);
      $check_string =  $prefix . ';' . $time . ';' . $salt;
      // We use the database credentials from settings.php to make the HMAC key, since
      // the database is not yet initialized and we can't access any Drupal variables.
      // The file properties add more entropy not easily accessible to others.
      $filepath = DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/bootstrap.inc';
      $key = sha1(serialize($databases) . filectime($filepath) . fileinode($filepath), TRUE);
      // The HMAC must match.
      return $hmac == base64_encode(hash_hmac('sha1', $check_string, $key, TRUE));
    }
    
    /**
     * Generate a user agent string with a HMAC and timestamp for simpletest.
     */
    function drupal_generate_test_ua($prefix) {
      global $databases;
      static $key;
    
      if (!isset($key)) {
        // We use the database credentials to make the HMAC key, since we
        // check the HMAC before the database is initialized. filectime()
        // and fileinode() are not easily determined from remote.
        $filepath = DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/bootstrap.inc';
        $key = sha1(serialize($databases) . filectime($filepath) . fileinode($filepath), TRUE);
      }
       // Generate a moderately secure HMAC based on the database credentials.
       $salt = uniqid('', TRUE);
       $check_string = $prefix . ';' . time() . ';' . $salt;
       return  $check_string . ';' . base64_encode(hash_hmac('sha1', $check_string, $key, TRUE));
    }
    
    /**
     * Enables use of the theme system without requiring database access.
     *
     * Loads and initializes the theme system for site installs, updates and when
     * the site is in maintenance mode. This also applies when the database fails.
     *
     * @see _drupal_maintenance_theme()
     */
    function drupal_maintenance_theme() {
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/theme.maintenance.inc';
      _drupal_maintenance_theme();
    }
    
    /**
     * Return TRUE if a Drupal installation is currently being attempted.
     */
    function drupal_installation_attempted() {
      return defined('MAINTENANCE_MODE') && MAINTENANCE_MODE == 'install';
    }
    
    /**
     * Return the name of the localization function. Use in code that needs to
     * run both during installation and normal operation.
     */
    function get_t() {
      static $t;
      // This is not converted to drupal_static because there is no point in
      // resetting this as it can not change in the course of a request.
      if (!isset($t)) {
        $t = drupal_installation_attempted() ? 'st' : 't';
      }
      return $t;
    }
    
    /**
     * Initialize all the defined language types.
     */
    function drupal_language_initialize() {
      $types = language_types();
    
      // Ensure the language is correctly returned, even without multilanguage support.
      // Useful for eg. XML/HTML 'lang' attributes.
      if (!drupal_multilingual()) {
        $default = language_default();
        foreach ($types as $type) {
          $GLOBALS[$type] = $default;
        }
      }
      else {
        include_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/language.inc';
        foreach ($types as $type) {
          $GLOBALS[$type] = language_initialize($type);
        }
        // Allow modules to react on language system initialization in multilingual
        // environments.
        module_invoke_all('language_init', $types);
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * The built-in language types.
     *
     * @return
     *   An array of key-values pairs where the key is the language type and the
     *   value is its configurability.
     */
    function drupal_language_types() {
      return array(
        LANGUAGE_TYPE_CONTENT => TRUE,
        LANGUAGE_TYPE_INTERFACE => TRUE,
        LANGUAGE_TYPE_URL => FALSE,
      );
    }
    
    /**
     * Return true if there is more than one language enabled.
     */
    function drupal_multilingual() {
      static $multilingual;
      if (!isset($multilingual)) {
        $multilingual = variable_get('language_count', 1) > 1;
      }
      return $multilingual;
    }
    
    /**
     * Return an array of the available language types.
     */
    function language_types() {
      return array_keys(variable_get('language_types', drupal_language_types()));
    }
    
    /**
     * Get a list of languages set up indexed by the specified key
     *
     * @param $field The field to index the list with.
     */
    function language_list($field = 'language') {
      $languages = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__);
      // Init language list
      if (!isset($languages)) {
        if (drupal_multilingual() || module_exists('locale')) {
          $languages['language'] = db_query('SELECT * FROM {languages} ORDER BY weight ASC, name ASC')->fetchAllAssoc('language');
        }
        else {
          // No locale module, so use the default language only.
          $default = language_default();
          $languages['language'][$default->language] = $default;
        }
      }
    
      // Return the array indexed by the right field
      if (!isset($languages[$field])) {
        $languages[$field] = array();
        foreach ($languages['language'] as $lang) {
          // Some values should be collected into an array
          if (in_array($field, array('enabled', 'weight'))) {
            $languages[$field][$lang->$field][$lang->language] = $lang;
          }
          else {
            $languages[$field][$lang->$field] = $lang;
          }
        }
      }
      return $languages[$field];
    }
    
    /**
     * Default language used on the site
     *
     * @param $property
     *   Optional property of the language object to return
     */
    function language_default($property = NULL) {
      $language = variable_get('language_default', (object) array('language' => 'en', 'name' => 'English', 'native' => 'English', 'direction' => 0, 'enabled' => 1, 'plurals' => 0, 'formula' => '', 'domain' => '', 'prefix' => '', 'weight' => 0, 'javascript' => ''));
      return $property ? $language->$property : $language;
    }
    
    /**
     * If Drupal is behind a reverse proxy, we use the X-Forwarded-For header
     * instead of $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'], which would be the IP address of
     * the proxy server, and not the client's. If Drupal is run in a cluster
     * we use the X-Cluster-Client-Ip header instead.
     *
     * @return
     *   IP address of client machine, adjusted for reverse proxy and/or cluster
     *   environments.
     */
    function ip_address() {
      $ip_address = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__);
    
      if (!isset($ip_address)) {
        $ip_address = $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
    
        if (variable_get('reverse_proxy', 0)) {
          if (array_key_exists('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR', $_SERVER)) {
            // If an array of known reverse proxy IPs is provided, then trust
            // the XFF header if request really comes from one of them.
            $reverse_proxy_addresses = variable_get('reverse_proxy_addresses', array());
            if (!empty($reverse_proxy_addresses) && in_array($ip_address, $reverse_proxy_addresses, TRUE)) {
              // The "X-Forwarded-For" header is a comma+space separated list of IP addresses,
              // the left-most being the farthest downstream client. If there is more than
              // one proxy, we are interested in the most recent one (i.e. last one in the list).
              $ip_address_parts = explode(',', $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR']);
              $ip_address = trim(array_pop($ip_address_parts));
            }
          }
    
          // When Drupal is run in a cluster environment, REMOTE_ADDR contains the IP
          // address of a server in the cluster, while the IP address of the client is
          // stored in HTTP_X_CLUSTER_CLIENT_IP.
          if (array_key_exists('HTTP_X_CLUSTER_CLIENT_IP', $_SERVER)) {
            $ip_address = $_SERVER['HTTP_X_CLUSTER_CLIENT_IP'];
          }
        }
      }
    
      return $ip_address;
    }
    
    /**
     * @ingroup schemaapi
     * @{
     */
    
    /**
     * Get the schema definition of a table, or the whole database schema.
     *
     * The returned schema will include any modifications made by any
     * module that implements hook_schema_alter().
     *
     * @param $table
     *   The name of the table. If not given, the schema of all tables is returned.
     * @param $rebuild
     *   If true, the schema will be rebuilt instead of retrieved from the cache.
     */
    function drupal_get_schema($table = NULL, $rebuild = FALSE) {
      static $schema = array();
    
      if (empty($schema) || $rebuild) {
        // Try to load the schema from cache.
        if (!$rebuild && $cached = cache_get('schema')) {
          $schema = $cached->data;
        }
        // Otherwise, rebuild the schema cache.
        else {
          $schema = array();
          // Load the .install files to get hook_schema.
          // On some databases this function may be called before bootstrap has
          // been completed, so we force the functions we need to load just in case.
          if (function_exists('module_load_all_includes')) {
    
            // There is currently a bug in module_list() where it caches what it
            // was last called with, which is not always what you want.
            // module_load_all_includes() calls module_list(), but if this function
            // is called very early in the bootstrap process then it will be
            // uninitialized and therefore return no modules. Instead, we have to
            // "prime" module_list() here to to values we want, specifically
            // "yes rebuild the list and don't limit to bootstrap".
            // TODO: Remove this call after http://drupal.org/node/222109 is fixed.
            module_list(TRUE, FALSE);
            module_load_all_includes('install');
          }
    
          require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/common.inc';
          // Invoke hook_schema for all modules.
          foreach (module_implements('schema') as $module) {
            // Cast the result of hook_schema() to an array, as a NULL return value
            // would cause array_merge() to set the $schema variable to NULL as well.
            // That would break modules which use $schema further down the line.
            $current = (array) module_invoke($module, 'schema');
            _drupal_schema_initialize($module, $current);
            $schema = array_merge($schema, $current);
          }
    
          drupal_alter('schema', $schema);
          // If the schema is empty, avoid saving it: some database engines require
          // the schema to perform queries, and this could lead to infinite loops.
          if (!empty($schema) && (drupal_get_bootstrap_phase() == DRUPAL_BOOTSTRAP_FULL)) {
            cache_set('schema', $schema);
          }
        }
      }
    
      if (!isset($table)) {
        return $schema;
      }
      elseif (isset($schema[$table])) {
        return $schema[$table];
      }
      else {
        return FALSE;
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * @} End of "ingroup schemaapi".
     */
    
    
    /**
     * @ingroup registry
     * @{
     */
    
    /**
     * Confirm that an interface is available.
     *
     * This function is rarely called directly. Instead, it is registered as an
     * spl_autoload()  handler, and PHP calls it for us when necessary.
     *
     * @param $interface
     *   The name of the interface to check or load.
     * @return
     *   TRUE if the interface is currently available, FALSE otherwise.
     */
    function drupal_autoload_interface($interface) {
      return _registry_check_code('interface', $interface);
    }
    
    /**
     * Confirm that a class is available.
     *
     * This function is rarely called directly. Instead, it is registered as an
     * spl_autoload()  handler, and PHP calls it for us when necessary.
     *
     * @param $class
     *   The name of the class to check or load.
     * @return
     *   TRUE if the class is currently available, FALSE otherwise.
     */
    function drupal_autoload_class($class) {
      return _registry_check_code('class', $class);
    }
    
    /**
     * Helper to check for a resource in the registry.
     *
     * @param $type
     *   The type of resource we are looking up, or one of the constants
     *   REGISTRY_RESET_LOOKUP_CACHE or REGISTRY_WRITE_LOOKUP_CACHE, which
     *   signal that we should reset or write the cache, respectively.
     * @param $name
     *   The name of the resource, or NULL if either of the REGISTRY_* constants
     *   is passed in.
     * @return
     *   TRUE if the resource was found, FALSE if not.
     *   NULL if either of the REGISTRY_* constants is passed in as $type.
     */
    function _registry_check_code($type, $name = NULL) {
      static $lookup_cache, $cache_update_needed;
    
      if ($type == 'class' && class_exists($name) || $type == 'interface' && interface_exists($name)) {
        return TRUE;
      }
    
      if (!isset($lookup_cache)) {
        $lookup_cache = array();
        if ($cache = cache_get('lookup_cache', 'cache_registry')) {
          $lookup_cache = $cache->data;
        }
      }
    
      // When we rebuild the registry, we need to reset this cache so
      // we don't keep lookups for resources that changed during the rebuild.
      if ($type == REGISTRY_RESET_LOOKUP_CACHE) {
        $cache_update_needed = TRUE;
        $lookup_cache = NULL;
        return;
      }
    
      // Called from drupal_page_footer, we write to permanent storage if there
      // changes to the lookup cache for this request.
      if ($type == REGISTRY_WRITE_LOOKUP_CACHE) {
        if ($cache_update_needed) {
          cache_set('lookup_cache', $lookup_cache, 'cache_registry');
        }
        return;
      }
    
      // $type is either 'interface' or 'class', so we only need the first letter to
      // keep the cache key unique.
      $cache_key = $type[0] . $name;
      if (isset($lookup_cache[$cache_key])) {
        if ($lookup_cache[$cache_key]) {
          require DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . $lookup_cache[$cache_key];
        }
        return (bool)$lookup_cache[$cache_key];
      }
    
      // This function may get called when the default database is not active, but
      // there is no reason we'd ever want to not use the default database for
      // this query.
      $file = Database::getConnection('default', 'default')->query("SELECT filename FROM {registry} WHERE name = :name AND type = :type", array(
          ':name' => $name,
          ':type' => $type,
        ))
        ->fetchField();
    
      // Flag that we've run a lookup query and need to update the cache.
      $cache_update_needed = TRUE;
    
      // Misses are valuable information worth caching, so cache even if
      // $file is FALSE.
      $lookup_cache[$cache_key] = $file;
    
      if ($file) {
        require DRUPAL_ROOT . '/' . $file;
        return TRUE;
      }
      else {
        return FALSE;
      }
    }
    
    /**
     * Rescan all enabled modules and rebuild the registry.
     *
     * Rescans all code in modules or includes directories, storing the location of
     * each interface or class in the database.
     */
    function registry_rebuild() {
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/registry.inc';
      _registry_rebuild();
    }
    
    /**
     * @} End of "ingroup registry".
     */
    
    /**
     * Central static variable storage.
     *
     * @param $name
     *   Globally unique name for the variable. For a function with only one static,
     *   variable, the function name (e.g. via the PHP magic __FUNCTION__ constant)
     *   is recommended. For a function with multiple static variables add a
     *   distinguishing suffix to the function name for each one.
     * @param $default_value
     *   Optional default value.
     * @param $reset
     *   TRUE to reset a specific named variable, or all variables if $name is NULL.
     *   Resetting every variable should only be used, for example, for running
     *   unit tests with a clean environment. Should be used only though via
     *   function drupal_static_reset().
     *
     * @return
     *   Returns a variable by reference if $reset is FALSE.
     */
    function &drupal_static($name, $default_value = NULL, $reset = FALSE) {
      static $data = array();
    
      // Reset a single value, or all values.
      if ($reset) {
        if (isset($name)) {
          unset($data[$name]);
        }
        else {
          $data = array();
        }
        // We must return a reference to a variable.
        $dummy = NULL;
        return $dummy;
      }
    
      if (!isset($data[$name])) {
        $data[$name] = $default_value;
      }
    
      return $data[$name];
    }
    
    /**
     * Reset one or all centrally stored static variable(s).
     *
     * @param $name
     *   Name of the static variable to reset. Omit to reset all variables.
     */
    function drupal_static_reset($name = NULL) {
      drupal_static($name, NULL, TRUE);
    }
    
    /**
     * Detect whether the current script is running in a command-line environment.
     */
    function drupal_is_cli() {
      return (!isset($_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE']) && (php_sapi_name() == 'cli' || (is_numeric($_SERVER['argc']) && $_SERVER['argc'] > 0)));
    }