Complete coverage for image/responsive_image removals
### Problem/Motivation
Adds full rector coverage for five procedural functions across image and responsive_image modules. Configures responsive_image_*() (11.3.0, FunctionToServiceRector with ::class syntax) and image_filter_keyword() (11.1.0, FunctionToStaticRector) with test fixtures.
### Work items
- Commit(s): [0529b2be8d](https://github.com/palantirnet/drupal-rector/commit/0529b2be8dfb)
- Pull request(s): [PR #344](https://github.com/palantirnet/drupal-rector/pull/344)
### Credit
- Implemented by: @bbrala
- Reviewed / helped by: @mglaman
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*Filed retroactively as part of the Drupal 12 rector coverage effort. Closed as fixed; credit to be applied to the contributors listed above.*
*AI was used extensively to build this fix and to file this issue. See [Dries Buytaert: AI-generated Rector rules for Drupal](https://dri.es/ai-generated-rector-rules-for-drupal) and [Björn Brala: Drupal Rector rules are config, not code. Mostly.](https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/drupal-rector-rules-config-code-mostly-bj%C3%B6rn-brala-vfpwe/).*
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